Essay about Correlations between Biology and Male...

Correlations Between Biology and Male Homosexuality Homosexuality, one of the many different sexual behaviors exhibited by humankind, has been rejected, persecuted, and denied. Are the studies that attempt to find causation moral? Is this search for the why of homosexuality a continuation of the heterosexist assumption that heterosexuality is normal and homosexuality abnormal? Are assumptions being made that homosexuality is a disease and should therefore be treated medically? Is the research currently being done heterosexist? Studies that are being performed currently and those done in the recent past have shown that there are strong connections between male homosexuality and biology. By presenting the scientifically significant†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, scientists who are homosexual themselves have conducted some of the more recent and more scientifically significant studies. This lends a validity to the research that has not been seen in the past. Those who would like to see scientific progress continue are t hose who would like to see the born that way argument validated. In the interests of scientific curiosity, and in the hopes that the evidence gathered will be used appropriately, the following are examples of correlation between biology and homosexuality. Hormones have, throughout history been touted as the cause behind homosexuality. There is currently no scientific evidence to prove this. There are correlations between unusual prenatal hormone levels and abnormal sexual behavior later in life, however, evidence gathered from studies of phenomena such as this can be easily argued away. Historically speaking, the most common claim relating hormones to homosexuality was that gay men had lower levels of testosterone and higher levels of estrogen in their bloodstream and urine when compared to their heterosexual counterparts. (Stein,1999) This theory, which didnt subside until the mid-to-late 1970s, was the driving force for many attempts to cure gay men of their homosexuality. It is now known that there is no distinguishable difference between the testosterone levels found in gay males and those found in heterosexual males. Programs were set up claiming that a cure forShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality And Its Effects On Society Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesMany people believe and have debated whether or not homosexuality is a choice that one freely makes, while others believe a combination of genetics, hormones and environment have a factor in one’s sexuality and sexual development. Homosexuality is something one cannot choose to be. Primarily, homosexuality can be defined as a romantic or sexual attraction that involves people of the same gender. Male homosexuals are referred to as gays while the female ones are called lesbians. Ideally, since timeRead MoreEssay about Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture?1275 Words   |  6 Pages Homosexuality is one of the most hot button issues in America today. Everyone has an opinion, some based on religious views others based on other external factors. People are afraid to talk about it because it’s something we don’t actually fully comprehend. This is because it scares people to admit they don’t know something. We need to find out if being a homosexual is something we are born with, or is it something we learn over time. Review of the Research There have been many research studiesRead MoreEssay about The Homosexual Brain?1502 Words   |  7 PagesQuayle said that homosexuality is more of a choice than a biological situation...It is a wrong choice. (1). Quayles statement counters the sentiment of many homosexuals that their sexual orientation is neither a lifestyle nor a personal choice, it is innate and unchangeable (2) . Is homosexuality a choice or does sexual preference have a biological basis? This question is at the forefront of academic, scientific, political, legal and media consciousness (3). The debate over homosexuality has influencedRead MoreWhat Causes Homosexuality996 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Causes Homosexuality? What causes homosexuality? There has been much debate about what causes homosexuality. Is there a gay gene? Is homosexuality caused by environmental factors, such as upbringing, child molestation, an absent mother or affectionate father? Or is it something we’re born with, an inherited trait, like skin or hair color? Although there have been few studies on the cause of homosexuality, the debate seems to be divided, with scientists in one corner and religious fundamentalistsRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Psychology And Biology1449 Words   |  6 Pages Nature vs. Nurture is one of the most prevalent theories in psychology and biology; scientists previously believed that personality traits were derived from either genetics or environmental elements, but more recently have concluded that both factors play a role in the expression of genes. However, the influences of genetics and environmental factors on sexual orientation is still a controversial topic which is currently being discussed in both psychological and biological debates. While many researchersRead MoreBiological And Social Effects On Sexual Orientation1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe Biological and Social Effects on Sexual Orientation The origin and cause of human sexual orientation have been highly debated topics between sociologist and biologists. Most scientists believe sexual orientation is biologically determined while sociologists argue that it is socially constructed. There is a third belief that human sexual orientation is not solely biologically determined or socially constructed. From this belief come theories that combine both arguments, where human sexual orientationRead MoreTheories On The Causation Of Homosexuality3098 Words   |  13 PagesRunning head: CAUSATION OF HOMOSEXUALITY 1 Theories on the Causation of Homosexuality Luke Thomas The University of Alabama CAUSATION OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2 Abstract There are two main schools of thought regarding the causation of homosexuality. The first, which is examined in this research, is biological cause. Three main categories of thought exist under biological theory: hormone theory, brain theory, and genetic theory. Each category contains convincing evidence as to why its respectiveRead MoreEssay about Is Homosexuality Genetic or a Choice?2675 Words   |  11 Pagesgay. In fact more often than not homosexuality is caused by genetic factors rather than it being a choice. According to some research there is a physical difference between the brains of homosexual men and women when compared to those of heterosexual men and women. â€Å"In 1991, a Salk Institute neuroscientist, Dr. Simon LeVay, found striking differences in the brain anatomy of gay and non-gay men† (Bernstein 34). If there is a detectable and common difference between the brains of straight and gay peopleRead MoreThe Biological Of Sexual Orientation2473 Words   |  10 Pagesheterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality (Emmanuele et al., 2010). This paper aims to analyze three scholarly articles that explore sexual orientation as a function of biology and genetics. These journals present arguments stating that to some extent, sexual orientation is a result of endocrinological changes (Kraemer et al., 2006; Manning, Churchill, Peters, 2007; Miller, Hoffmann, Mustanski, 2008). A pattern emerges where the scholarly literature exploring this topic is largely focused on males. Rea sonRead MoreDiscuss the Nature-Nurture Debate in Relation to Individual Development (M1)2187 Words   |  9 Pagespossible to condition the child. Eventually the baby would show a fear response from just seeing white rats without the shock noise. Crucially however, it does not examine innate variability in fearfulness or the degree of difficulty of conditioning between human subjects. Other studies aim to prove that learnt behaviours could change individuals in spite of genetic makeup. The famous Ramey studies on the environmental effects of intelligence are a prime example of this school of thought. His experiments

Malcolm X War Between Race - 1461 Words

Martha Ancajas Hist 17b Fall 16 Dr. Martinez Nov. 15, 2016 Malcolm X: War between Race Malcolm X, born on March 25, 2016 in Omaha, Nebraska, is a prominent figure for the African-American in the United States during the Civil Rights Movement. His experience as an ghettoed African-American youth has exceptionally brought hope to the African-American community even in the midst of hatred and oppression in a white privileged society. Malcolm’s exceptional leadership was the roots of his underlying experience from a young African-American who saw his dad died killed by a white man, broke his home, crushed his dreams by a white teacher, become a hustler, and spent jail has affected his life. His experiences overshadowed his unique strategies towards equality to the society that treated him and the African-American community so unfairly. His belief of Islam religion had pushed him towards the segregation of the African Americans from White society to achieve greatness and civil rights. His advocacy was geared towards arm to emphasized black pride, unity, and self-resp ect. Unlike Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X stood for desegregation through a unique approach that other prominent African-American leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. whom believes that non-violence and noncombatant are the main tactics to achieve a fair and equal American society. However, Malcolm X believes that King’s ideal approach of civil rights does not achieve desegregation rather only portrays that theShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King vs. Malcolm X Essay825 Words   |  4 PagesLuther King Jr. and Malcolm x. Both of these men had two very different views on what they thought would be the best way for blacks to get equality. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in his main philosophy which was non violent resistance. Martin used the teachings from Ghandi to teach African Americans how to use non violent resistance as a way to earn equality. He also believed that blacks should try to find common ground between them and the white community and that this is not war it is j ust injusticeRead MoreMalcolm X And Martin Luther King Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesMovement, Martin Luther King Jr. has often been portrayed prominence. Though this is true, the Civil Rights Movement involved other activists like Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, Andrew Goodman, etc. Who all contributed to its success. Racism has always been a problem right from the United States’ creation. It involved discrimination and segregation of non-white races, and refusal to recognize and protect non-white citizenship rights enumerated in the constitution. Though erected by Thomas Jefferson that, â€Å"allRead MoreReconstruction of the South After the Civil Rights Movement772 Words   |  3 Pages After the Civil War, the nation sought to reconstruct the South, both socially and economically, so it could be readmitted into the Union. This meant giving the newly emancipated African Americans the civil rights and liberties that they deserved as United States citizens. Through events like the Civil Rights Movement, the nation was exposed to new ideologies and opinions of various groups who aimed to grant African Americans those rights and liberties. However, the methods in which the differentRead More The Black Community Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Throughout history, blacks have been treated the poorest out of all races. Although everyone under God is to be treated equal, whites thought of themselves as being the superior race. In 1619 a Dutch ship brought 20 slaves to America and it took nearly 240 years for slavery to end in 1865(Ronald, , para. 3).These helpless slaves were taken to America and put to work growing anything from cotton to tobacco. Slaves had absolutely no rights. They were simply property of their â€Å"Massa’.†Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr. vs. Malcolm X1263 Words   |  6 Pages* Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are two people on different ends of the scales, with totally different up-bringings. * King was brought up by a rich black family,with a good education, and a good chance at life. He was a black aristocrat, and a wealthy man. * Malcolm X was brought up in the ghetto, and had to learn to defend himself against racist white children. He was deptived of his father, who was found dead, murdered by a white mob. His mother became mentally ill so he wasRead MoreMartin Luther King And Malcolm X988 Words   |  4 Pageswhy the way we are today. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X are two very great examples and representations for this. What people do not realize is that there are a lot of similarities and differences between Malcolm and Martin. Martin was born and raised as a middle classes men and was extremely educated. On the other hand, Malcolm was not raised like Malcolm at all. Malcolm grew up in a deplorable environment and no school was around for Malcolm. Martin believed that violence was never theRead MoreMalcolm X Essay1719 Words   |  7 Pagesand 1960s, important African-American men fought for economical, political and social equality for their race. Even though they were fighting for the same thing, their ideas to attain equality were unusually different. Martin Luther King wanted to a integrate non violent society; on the other hand Malcolm X thought complete separation was the solution to inequality. Either way both Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. were some of the most influencing leaders of the Civil Rights period . BothRead MoreRacial Discrimination1086 Words   |  5 PagesFor nearly three centuries, the U.S has directly and indirectly encouraged racial violence, has had an intolerance with races, and inserted itself into conflicts that caused more racial tension. Strain between the races has been present in the U.S since its inception, the very founding of which was built on the backs of slaves who even aft er its abolishment received little compensation for their hundreds of years of forced labor. Today, while divided has lessened, the hidden institution of racismRead MoreMalcolm X s Autobiography : The Black Population Of America Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pages Malcolm X’s autobiography is a detailed story written as a parable to inspire and educate others. The intent of the book is clear, to change minds and to improve minds. In this autobiography, Malcolm X speaks to, and for all people of all races and backgrounds. Anyone who comes in contact with even a portion of this book is bound to have a new insight on the world we live in, racism worldwide, or even their own life. From the beginning of his autobiography and further on, Malcolm X’s main audienceRead MoreIn Today’S World, There Are So Many Racial Things Still1246 Words   |  5 Pageshappening. Whites hating blacks, blacks hating white, everybody hating somebody. We’re so quick to not like someone because of how they look, or their religion, or how they feel about certain things. We’re always so fast to judge someone for their race, sex, size anything. A lot of the times, we choose hate over love. We choose violence over peace and we never take a second to step back and take into consideration we’re the problem with the world. Especially whenever it come to racial discrimination

Disadvantages of Implementing IT Projects (ERP, CRM and KM) Free Essays

In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of technology in conducting corporate functions such as human resources, knowledge management and customer management. Identify any 3 of such systems (KM, CRM e.t. We will write a custom essay sample on Disadvantages of Implementing IT Projects (ERP, CRM and KM) or any similar topic only for you Order Now c) and critically analyze the DISADVANTAGES of each of these systems against traditional archaic methods. Abstract The use of IT to perform corporate functions such asEnterpriseresource planning (ERP) systems has emerged as a dominant corporate strategic initiative. Typical benefits include gains in coordination, communication, and organizational efficiency (Rao, 2000; Stevens, 2003). Despite this promise, significant problems are associated with the use of IT for these functions. In this paper, key problems of using technology to conduct corporate functions are analyzed and contrasted with the more traditional ways. Introduction Corporations spend a significant amount of their budgets on IT. Indicatively, over the past decade, IT investments have grown to be the largest category of capital expenditures in United States–based businesses (Trimi,S. et al, 2005). A high percentage of the capital spent on IT is used to conduct corporate functions such as resource planning, customer relationship and management as well as the planning of business processes. However, there are important disadvantages associated with using IT to perform such functions when compared to more traditional methods (Bingi, P. et al, 2001; Kellen, V., 2003). Disadvantages of using IT for key corporate functions a. Disadvantages of using IT for Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is not a new concept to organizations. The functions performed by ERP systems are essentially the same basic business functions that organizations have performed for decades. The greatest disadvantage of an ERP system, even if installed to vendor preferences, is the staggering cost of implementation (Slater,D., 1998). Implementation costs include software, hardware, installation consultant fees, and in-house staff for installation. However, these are not the only costs. There are also costs for staff to operate the system (to include help assistance to users) and the very large cost component of user training. Even when ERP systems are developed to functioning status, there are risks of vendors pulling support on old versions of their software in favour on their latest (and more expensive) versions. Many companies are then forced to upgrade to the newer versions as maintaining the older versions is often too costly (Trimi,S. et al, 2005). Another significant problem which ERP systems have is their lack of flexibility. In particular the inability to easily modify their ERP systems is disrupting businesses by delaying product launches, slowing decision making and delaying acquisitions and other activities. These problems ultimately cost them between $10 million and $500 million in lost opportunities (All,A., 2009). When humans are involved instead of code such problems do not exist. b. Disadvantages of using IT for Customer Relationship Management (CRM) CRM is used to manage a company’s interactions with clients. CRM software is used by enterprises that aim to reduce their operational expenditures. Like ERP systems, CRM software is also expensive. A key problem of CRM software based systems is that they are impersonal and do not account for human psychology (Schultz,R., 2002). This has led to customers being more frustrated and less understood by the company. Such problems would have completely been avoided with traditional/archaic CRM systems where a conscious decision was made by a human for each different customer circumstance. Therefore, CRM systems dehumanize a process that should be personal. A system that can be configured to a sales person’s requirements is necessary. This is something that cannot always be achieved with software. c. Disadvantages of using IT to automate business processes As with CRM and ERP systems there are a number of disadvantages associated with using IT to automate business processes. However, it is difficult to find the right software tool to automate them. This is because it can be almost impossible for software to capture the business process correctly (Trimi,S. et al, 2005). The business process is rather complex especially in a big and old organisation (Trimi,S. et al, 2005). This suggests that only a certain proportion of the cases can be automated. Also, the automation process may fail especially when a maintenance issue is involved. Unlike software, humans are able to adapt well to fluctuations in the process flow. Despite these significant disadvantages, corporations are not willing to return to traditional methods. At the moment, a lot of businesses feel constrained in that they have to adapt their business to the software rather than vice versa. In the future, different kinds of platform that are going to be a combination of buying a package and building onto it are expected (Goulart,K, 2012) . Thus, it is believed that attempts to solve current problems will happen via technical means. Conclusion The use of IT in business processes is becoming more common. However, there are a number of key disadvantages associated with using IT for key corporate functions. This is because the human factor is eliminated which makes things less flexible and more frustrating. Unfortunately, it is expected that these problems will be addressed in a technical way. References 1.Ranganathan,J., Brown,P. (2001) ‘ERP Investments and the Market Value of Firms’, Information Systems Research, vol.17, no.2, pp. 145–161. 2.Trimi,S., Lee,S. Olson, D. (2005) ‘Alternative means to implement ERP Internal and ASP’,Industrial Management Data Systems, vol. 105, no.2, pp.184 – 192. 3.Bingi, P. et al (2001). Critical issues affecting an ERP implementation. In: Myerson, J.M. (ed.) Enterprise Systems Integration, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Florida: Auerbach, pp. 425-438. 4.Slater, D. (1998). ERP projects cost more than their measurable payback, study says. CIO Enterprise, pp. 26-28. 5.All,A. (2009). ERP systems’ lack of flexibility a costly problem [WWW] IT Business Edge Available from: http://www.itbusinessedge.com/cm/community/features/interviews/blog/idc-erp-systems-lack-of-flexibility-a-costly-problem/?cs=38464# [Accessed 18/03/12). 6.Schulz,R.(2002). CRM Revisited. [WWW] Direct Marketing Available from: http://chiefmarketer.com/direct-marketing/crm-revisited [Accessed 18/03/12). [/level-freee-rstricted] 7 Goulart,K. (2012). ERP’s future value depends on flexibility in the face of tech trends [WWW] Techtarget Available from:http://searchcio.techtarget.com/news/2240118705/ERPs-future-value-depends-on-flexibility-in-the-face-of-tech-trends [Accessed 19/03/12). How to cite Disadvantages of Implementing IT Projects (ERP, CRM and KM), Essay examples

Health Inquiry for Journal of Drug Policy - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHealth Inquiry for Journal of Drug Policy. Answer: Hildt, E., Lieb, K., Franke, A. G. (2014). Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students - a qualitative approach. BMC Medical Ethics, 15(1), 23-23. doi:10.1186/1472-6939-15-23 Authorship Klaus Lieb is the head of the department of Psychiatry and psychotherapy of the Mainz University Medical Center. He is one of the members of the DrugCommission of the German Medical Association. He is also the member of founding member of the medical network 'MEZIS Mein Essen zahl' ich selbst. AndreasGnterFranke is a trainee of the department. Therefore, his work can be considered to be trustworthy. ElisabethHildt was also head of the Research Group on Neuroethics/Neurophilosophy at the Department of Philosophy at the University of Mainz and has a large number of important journal articles on biomedical ethics. Hence the experts are really respectable for their contribution and hence their papers can be trusted. The work was mainly conducted to develop an idea about the trend of use of the drug stimulants on individuals in their academic years and hence there was a little scope of conflict as the work was mostly exploratory. Had they developed a thesis statement before hand, there would have been a scope of conflict. They have mainly ventured the view of young individuals regarding their stimulant use and no conflicts were found among the findings and the conflict of use. Research aims: The authors mainly wanted to gather information about the reasons of the young individuals use of stimulants, their experiences after the use of stimulants and how the stimulants impact on the academic results along with their in and outside university lives. They have established how arguments have been raised where lack of enhancing effects were stated by the researchers whereas other articles have given positive hints about the use of the drugs in developing regular activities like partying, getting higher and others among which academic had been a part. No work had been conducted where academics have been solely taken as matter of concern for studying the effects of the drugs. Most of them until now have mainly provide importance to the misuse of prescribed drugs in on mental enhancement (Prosek et al., 2017). Therefore, it was very important for researchers to determine the non-cognitive effect of psycho stimulant. Therefore, knowing the perceptions of students were much important. So they perfectly prepared the grounds of the study with identifying the knowledge gap. Design: Face to face interviews were conducted in an extensive semi-structured procedure. They made sure that the participants are free from any psychiatric diseases and are not under any prescribed psychoactive medication. Since they were in aim of developing a broad idea and needed answers of questions about perception of interviewees, therefore, this qualitative procedure is apt (Benson et al., 2015). Mainly, students pursuing academic courses in the Mainz University were taken in considerations where 30 participants had applied via email and phone over an advertisement on bulletin boards. Out of them, 22 interviews were carried out and 8 were eliminated due to exclusion criteria. Out of this 4 interviews were not collected as the participants were diagnosed with ADHD. Students take such medicines not only for developing their academic grades but also for a large number of other factors like for managing time, for maintaining work life balance, to release stress, to increase motivation and to cope with memorizing. Many have stated that the drugs help in remembering information and they feel that their brain becomes more receptive. However, on the other hand, many systems that the same information can be retained by the brain if studied earlier much before the exam rather than trying to learn in last moments. A large number of side effects are also noticed (King et al., 2014). This drug does not make complex information simple to be better adapted by brain but rather help in remembering the information when studied in last minute. Hence drug use for academic enhancement is a much as this medication mainly help in motivation, time management, manage outside activities other than academic along with helping students to learn important information in l ast minute by energizing them. Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 250-257. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.023 Authorship: The main authors of the article is Bailey A. Munro, Lisa L. Weyandt, Marisa E. Marraccini b , Danielle R. Oster c. The first author is a post doctoral researcher at a Advanced Psychological Services of Rode island. She is working chiefly with the children, adolescents and adults suffering from ADHD. Moreover, she is an educator of the physiological psychology, organic chemistry, and introductory chemistry. Like her, the other members belong to b Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Bradley Hasbro Research Center, Providence, Rhode Island, United States and Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, United States and have large number of famous research work in their names. Their paper has been published by Elsevier and hence their work is trustworthy and respectable. The hypothesis made by the authors conflicted with the findings of the paper. They had hypothesized two important facts. While the first fact aligned with the findings of the paper, the later fact did not align and there was a sharp contrast found between the authors hypothesis and that of the findings of the paper. Research aims: The main research hypothesis that were laid down by the researchers are firstly, that students who have poorer executive functioning skills are more likely to get addicted to the non medical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) in comparisons to those students who have average level of EF. The second hypothesis is that (NMUPS) moderate the relationship between EF and academic performance. According to the authors, there are many studies which have found out those students who have low executive functioning skills like poor planning, lack of self motivation, perform poor tests and many others usually use NMUPS at a very high rate they are mainly doing this to overcome the their deficits and to score well in academics. They get engaged in many risky behaviors. Papers have also found that students with ADHD have been benefitted from the use of NMUPS. However, direct relationship between both the EF and the use of NMUPS among college students has not been conducted. Design A quantitative method was taken. After seeking permission, students had to apply through a face book portal where they were redirected to three important steps. The first one is the demographic questionnaire. The second was the Stimulant Survey Questionnaire (SSQ) which measured the non medical use of the stimulants. The next was the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS for Adult which measured their dimensions of executive functioning. T-test was then conducted with one continuous dependent variable of the Survey Questionnaire (SSQ) and that with the dichotomous independent variable like the presence or absence of the EF. For the second hypothesis, a two way between subjects anova was performed between two dichotomous independent variables (nonmedical use of prescription stimulant status and EF level) and that with the one continuous dependent variable (GPA). A post hoc analysis was also conducted to find link between the NMUPS (SSQ Self-Reported Prescription Stimu lant Misuse) and the total and subscale scores of the BDEFs by the use of Pearson product-moment. This approach was found to be important as the author wanted to establish hypothesis based on the relationship with two important factors where he wanted to know that the increase of one factor associated the increase of another factor. Since t tests are extremely helpful in depicting the associations between two factors, the test had been rightly chosen. As ANOVAs is helpful in determining whether there are any statistical significant differences are present between the means, therefore, it is extremely important for helping the authors for examining their second hypothesis where they wanted to find connections between NMUPS moderating EF or not. Participants: There were 306 students selected for the research and other 6 were eliminated as they were not coming under the colleges selected for the study. They had a mean age of participants who were 20.77 and were mostly female. Participants form different races and backgrounds were included. The first finding was that students who had lower levels of Ef were more dependent on the use of NMUPS in comparison to those who did not report of lower Ef. This study shows that this procedure helps them with time management. This did not help those who are not low of EF. The second founding was that lowered Ef students scored lower GPA in exams and lower academic achievement. However, an interesting fact which it revealed is that the lowered levels of GPA due to lowered Ef are not moderated by NMUPS. Taking stimulants without prescription form the doctors is an illegal activity and hence may bring out negative impacts if caught hold of one (Benett Holloway, 2017). Still going on with the use of such drugs may pose risk on the student if caught without a prescription (Barth et al., 2017). Although the drug has been seen to enhance time management skills, cope up with stress, keeps motivated, induces energy to work for long, maintains work life balance and others, it has also many roles behind academic performance enhancement. However, a large number of side effects have bend depicted by both the authors like mood swings, depression, anxiety issues, abuses by the students, sleep deprivation and others which may make the students lead into a new phase of issues creating poor quality life (Van Dongen, 2015). Therefore, these may create barriers. Besides using they irresponsibly would lead to harmful side effects. The research studies aligned completely with the pico questions at both of them described the effect of the stimulant drugs on academic skill enhancement. One of the papers saw students providing mixed reviews about the effects of the drugs on their academics. The paper stated that the drugs did not provide any extra advantage in simplifying nay complex information in the brain in case of information inculcation by the brain. However, some provided information that the drugs help them to concentrate and cope up with their motivation in the last hour of the preparation. They also suggested that not only academics, they also helped in maintaining work life balance, helped them in developing music and many others. Moreover, it is also stated by many students that if they studied beforehand, they would never require such drugs. Therefore, it satisfied the pico question giving the readers an idea about whether drugs have any positive influence in academic enhancement. The second paper was also very much helpful in developing ideas about the use of drugs. The drugs are used in higher number with students who have poor executive functioning than those who have average executive functioning. This paper had completely stated that the use of such drugs do no moderate low GPA and executive functioning. This clearly answers Wasims query with the pico question and therefore, he should avoid using such medication as they have many side effects which might harm his academic life as well. References: Barth, K. S., Ball, S., Adams, R. S., Nikitin, R., Wooten, N. R., Qureshi, Z. P., Larson, M. J. (2017). Development and Feasibility of an Academic Detailing Intervention to Improve Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Use Among Physicians.Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions,37(2), 98-105. doi: 10.1097/CEH.0000000000000149 Bennett, T., Holloway, K. (2017). Motives for illicit prescription drug use among university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International Journal of Drug Policy,44, 12-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.02.012 Benson, K., Flory, K., Humphreys, K. L., Lee, S. S. (2015). Misuse of stimulant medication among college students: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis.Clinical child and family psychology review,18(1), 50-76. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10567-014-0177-z Hildt, E., Lieb, K., Franke, A. G. (2014). Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students - a qualitative approach. BMC Medical Ethics, 15(1), 23-23. doi:10.1186/1472-6939-15-23 King, M. D., Jennings, J., Fletcher, J. M. (2014). Medical adaptation to academic pressure: schooling, stimulant use, and socioeconomic status.American Sociological Review,79(6), 1039-1066. doi/abs/10.1177/0003122414553657 Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 250-257. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.023 Prosek, E. A., Giordano, A. L., Turner, K. D., Bevly, C. M., Reader, E. A., LeBlanc, Y., ... Garber, S. A. (2017). Prevalence and Correlates of Stimulant Medication Misuse Among the Collegiate Population.Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 1-13. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2017.1313691 Van Dongen, H. P. (2015). Sleep deprivation, stimulant medications, and cognition. Sleep Research Society: vol: 38, pp: 1145-1146 https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4832